7-azaindoles, their use as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4, and a method for synthesizing them

ABSTRACT

7-azaindoles inhibit phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4). Methods for preparing these compounds and methods of treating arthritis and other conditions with the compounds are also provided.

This application is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No. 11/329,400 filed Jan. 10, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,419,987 which is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No. 10/399,051 filed Jun. 17, 2003 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,169,787) each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, which is a §371 of PCT/EP01/12376 filed Oct. 25, 2001, which claims priority from U.S. Application Ser. No. 60/244,342 filed Oct. 30, 2000 and DE 100 53 275.6 filed Oct. 27, 2000.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to substituted 7-azaindoles of the general formula 1

methods for their synthesis, pharmaceutical preparations, which contain these compounds, as well as the pharmaceutical use of these compounds, which are inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4, as active ingredients for the treatment of diseases, which can be affected with an inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 activity in immunocompetent cells (such as macrophages and lymphocytes) by the inventive compounds.

PRIOR ART

The activation of receptors of the cell membrane by transmitters leads to the activation of the “second messenger” system. The adenylate cyclase synthesizes the active, cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic GMP (cGMP) from AMP and GMP. These lead, for example, to relaxation in smooth muscle cells or to the inhibition of the release or synthesis of the mediator in inflammation cells. The “second messenger” cAMP and cGMP is broken down by the phosphodiesterases (PDE). Up to the present, 11 families of PDE enzymes (PDE1 to PDE11) are known, which differ due to their substrate specificity (cAMP, cGMP or both) and the dependence on other substrates (such as calmodulin). These isoenzymes have different functions in the body and are differently pronounced in the individual types of cells (Beavo, J. A., M. Conti and R. J. Heaslip, Multiple cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Mol. Pharmacol. 1994, 46:399-405: Hall, I. P., Isoenzyme selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors: potential clinical uses, Br. J. clin. Pharmacol 1993, 35:1-7). The inhibition of the different PDE isoenzyme types results in an accumulation of cAMP and/or cGMP in the cells, which can be used therapeutically (Torphy, T. J., G. P. Livi, S. B. Christensen, Novel Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors for the Therapy of Asthma, Drug News and Perspectives 1993, 6:203-214).

In the cells important for allergic inflammations (lymphocytes, mast cells, eosinophilic granulocytes, macrophages), the predominant PDE isoenzyme is type 4 (Torphy, J. T. and B. J. Undem, Phosphordiesterase inhibitors: new opportunities for the treatment of asthma. Thorax 1991, 46:512-523). The inhibition of the PDE 4 by suitable inhibitors is therefore regarded as an important start for the treatment of a plurality of allergy-induced illnesses (Schudt, Ch., G. Dent and K. Rabe, Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors, Academic Press London 1996).

An important property of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors is the inhibition of the release of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) from inflammation cells. TNFα is an important pro-inflammatory cytokin, which affects a plurality of biological processes. TNFα is released, for example, from activated macrophages, activated T lymphocytes, mast cells, basophils, fibroblasts, endothelium cells and astrocytes in the brain. It has itself an activating effect on neutrophils, eosinophils, fibroblasts and endothelium cells, as a result of which different tissue-destroying mediators are released. In monocytes, macrophages and T lymphocytes, TNFα brings about the increased production of further pro-inflammatory cytokins such as GM-CSF (granulocy-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) or interleukin-8. Because of its inflammation-promoting and catabolic effect, TNFα plays a central role in a plurality of illnesses, such as the inflammations of respiratory pathways, inflammations of the joints, endotoxic shock, tissue rejections, AIDS and numerous other immunological diseases. Accordingly, inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4 are also suitable for the treatment of such illnesses, which are associated with TNFα.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) are widespread in the population and also have a great economic importance. For example, COPD diseases are responsible for approximately 10 to 15% of the costs of all illnesses in the developed countries and about 25% of all deaths in the USA are attributable to this cause (Norman, P.: COPD: New developments and therapeutic opportunities, Drug News Perspect. 11 (7), 431-437, 1998); however, at the time of death, most patients are older than 55 years (Nolte, D.: Chronic Bronchitis—a National Disease of Multifactorial Origin. Atemw.-Lungenkrkh. 20 (5), 260-267, 1994). The WHO estimates that, within the next 20 years, COPD will be the third most frequent cause of death.

The syndrome of chronic, obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) combines different syndromes of chronic bronchitides with the symptoms of productive coughing and progressive and irreversible deterioration of the lung function (the expiration is particularly affected). The course of the disease is episodal and complicated frequently by bacterial infections (Rennard, S. I.: COPD: Overview of definitions, Epidemiology, and factors influencing its development. Chest, 113 (4) Suppl. 235S-241S, 1998). In the course of the disease, the lung function decreases steadily, the lung increasingly becomes emphysematic and the respiratory distress of the patients is obvious. This illness clearly impairs the quality of life of the patients (shortness of breath, a low exercise tolerance) and significantly shortens their life expectancy. Aside from environmental factors, the main risk factors are smoking (Kummer, F.: Asthma and COPD, Atemw.-Lungenkrkh. 20 (5), 299-302, 1994; Rennard S. I.: COPD: Overview of definitions, Epidemiology, and factors influencing its development. Chest, 113 (4) Suppl., 235S-241S, 1998) and men are therefore affected more frequently than are women. This picture will change in the future due to changing habits and the increasing number of women, who smoke.

The present treatment aims only at relieving the symptoms, without intervening into the causes of the progression of the disease. The use of longer acting beta2 agonists (such as Salmeterol), possibly in combination with muscarinergic antagonists (such as Ipratropium) improves the lung function by bronchial dilation and is used routinely (Norman, P.: COPD: New developments and therapeutic opportunities, Drug News Perspect. 11 (7), 431-437, 1998). Bacterial infections, which must be treated with antibiotics, play a large role in COPD episodes (Wilson, R.: The role of infections in COPD, Chest, 113 (4) Suppl., 242S-248S, 1998, Grossman, R. F.: The value of antibiotics and the outcomes of antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of COPD, Chest, 113 (4) Suppl., 249S-255S, 1998). The treatment of this disease is still unsatisfactory, particularly with respect to the continuous decrease in lung function. New treatment approaches, which attack the inflammation mediators, proteases or adhesion molecules, could be very promising (Barnes, P. J.: Chronic obstructive disease: new opportunities for drug development, TiPS. 10 (19), 415-423, 1998).

Independently of the bacterial infections complicating the disease, a chronic inflammation, which is dominated by neutrophil granulocytes, is found in the bronchi. Among others, the mediators and enzymes, released by neutrophil granulocytes, are made responsible for the structural changes observed in the respiratory tract (emphysema). The inhibition of the activity of the neutrophil granulocytes thus is a rational starting point for preventing or retarding progress of the COPD (deterioration of the lung function parameters). An important stimulus for the activation of the granulocytes is the pro-inflammatory cytokin TNFα (tumor necrosis factor). For example, it is known that TNFα stimulates the formation of free oxygen radicals by neutrophil granulocytes (Jersmann, H. P. A., D. A. Rathjen and A. Ferrante: Enhancement of LPS-induced neutrophil oxygen radical production by TNFα, Infection and Immunity, 4, 1744-1747, 1998). PDE4 inhibitors can inhibit very effectively the release of TNFα from a plurality of cells and thus suppress the activity of the neutrophil granulocytes. The nonspecific PDE inhibitor, pentoxifylline, is in a position to inhibit the formation of oxygen radicals as well as the phagocytic ability of neutrophil granulocytes (Wenisch, C., K. Zedtwitz-Liebenstein, B. Parschalk and W. Graninger: Effect of pentoxifylline in vitro on neutrophil reactive oxygen production and phagocytic ability, assessed by flow cytometry, Clin. Drug Invest., 13(2): 99-104, 1997).

Different PDE 4 inhibitors are already known. Predominantly, these are xanthine derivatives, rolipram analogs or nitraquazone derivatives (survey in Karlsson, J.-A. and D. Aldos, Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for the treatment of asthma, Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents 1997, 7: 989-1003). Until now, it has not been possible to bring any of these compounds to the stage of a clinical application. It had to be noted that the known PDE 4 inhibitors also have various side effects, such as nausea and emesis; up till now, it has not been possible to suppress these adequately. For this reason, the discovery of new PDE 4 inhibitors with a better therapeutic range is necessary.

The use of 7-azaindoles for the development of new active ingredients for different indications has so far been described only in relatively few cases.

In the Japanese patent JP 10120681 (Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) 5- and 7-azaindoles of the general formula

are claimed, in which R¹ can represent hydrogen or short alkyl groups, R² can represent hydrogen, halogen, short alkyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, alkylcarbonyl groups or alkanoyl groups, R³ represents alkanoyl groups, protected carboxylic acid groups, the cyano group or substituted carbamoyl groups. L represents a short alkylene bridge. Q represents substituted aromatic and heterocyclic groups. Of A¹ and A², one represents nitrogen and the other CH. These compounds differ from the inventive compounds particularly with respect to the substituents R² and R³ and partially with respect to R¹ and A². The compounds described are claimed as inhibitors of a cGMP specific phosphodiesterase (PDE 5). Various cardiac circulation diseases, bronchitis, asthma, rhinitis, impotence, complications of diabetes and glaucoma are named as areas of application.

The synthesis of various 3-aminoalkyl-4-azaindoles and 3-aminoalkyl-7-azaindoles is described by L. N. Yakhontov, S. S. Liberman, D. M. Krasnokutskaya et al. in Khim.-Farm. Zh. 8 (11), 1974, 5-9. For the 3-(2-aminoethyl)-7-azaindoles, a depressive or antidepressive effect is described. A blood pressure-lowering effect was noted for 3-aminomethyl-7-azaindoles.

A. J. Verbiscar, in J. Med. Chem. 15 (2), 1972, 149-152 describes the compound of formula

for which an anti-malaria effect was determined.

In the U.S. Pat. No. 650,223 (Sterling Drug Inc.), the synthesis of various 2-(imidazolin-2-yl)-alkyl-7-azaindoles or 3-(imidazolin-2-yl)-alkyl-7-azaindoles from the corresponding 2- or 3-cyanoalkyl-7-azaindoles is described and the use of these compounds as vasoconstrictors is claimed.

7-azaindoles have not previously been known as inhibitors of PDE 4.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to substituted 7-azaindoles of the general formula 1

in which n can be 1 or 2 and R¹ represents

-   -   a —C₁ to —C₁₀ linear or branched alkyl group, optionally         substituted one or more times with —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NHC₁ to         —NHC₆ alkyl, —N(C₁ to C₆-alkyl)₂, —NHC₆ to —NHC₁₄ aryl, —N(C₆ to         C₁₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)(C₆ to C₁₄ aryl), —NO₂, —CN, —F)         —Cl, —Br, —I, —O—C₁ to —O—C₆ alkyl, —O—C₆ to —O—C₁₄ aryl, —S—C₁         to —S—C₆ alkyl, —S—C₆ to —S—C₁₄ aryl, —SO₃H, —SO₂C₁ to —SO₂C₆         alkyl, —SO₂C₆ to —SO₂C₁₄ aryl, —OSO₂C₁ to —OSO₂C₆ alkyl, —OSO₂C₆         to —OSO₂C₁₄ aryl, —COOH, —(CO)C₁ to —(CO)C₅ alkyl, with mono-,         bi- or tricyclic, saturated or monounsaturated or         multi-unsaturated carbocyclic compounds with 3 to 14 ring         elements, with mono-, bi- or tricyclic saturated or         monounsaturated or multi-unsaturated heterocyclic groups with 5         to 15 ring elements and 1 to 6 hetero atoms, which preferably         are N, O and S, the C₆ to C₁₄ aryl groups and the carbocyclic         and heterocyclic substituents, in turn, possibly may be         monosubstituted or multi-substituted with R⁴,     -   —C₂ to C₁₀ alkenyl, monounsaturated or multi-unsaturated, linear         or branched, optionally monosubstituted or multi-substituted         with —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NHC₁ to —NHC₆ alkyl, —N(C₁ to C₆-alkyl)₂,         —NHC₆ to —NHC₁₄ aryl, —N(C₆ to C₁₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)(C₆         to C₁₄ aryl), —NO₂, —CN, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —O—C₁ to —O—C₆ alkyl,         —O—C₆ to —O—C₁₄ aryl, —S—C₁ to —S—C₆ alkyl, —S—C₆ to —S—C₁₄         aryl, —SO₃H, —SO₂C₁ to —SO₂C₆ alkyl, —SO₂C₆ to —SO₂C₁₄ aryl,         —OSO₂C₁ to —OSO₂C₆ alkyl, —OSO₂C₆ to —OSO₂C₁₄ aryl, —COOH,         —(CO)C₁ to —(CO)C₅ alkyl, with mono-, bi- or tricyclic,         saturated or monounsaturated or multi-unsaturated carbocyclic         compounds with 3 to 14 ring elements, with mono-, bi- or         tricyclic saturated or monounsaturated or multi-unsaturated         heterocyclic groups with 5 to 15 ring elements and 1 to 6 hetero         atoms, which preferably are N, O and S,     -   the C₆ to C₁₄ aryl groups and the carbocyclic and heterocyclic         substituents, in turn, possibly may be monosubstituted or         multi-substituted with R⁴,         R² and R³ may be the same or different, only one of the two         representing hydrogen, and furthermore, R² and R³ can represent     -   —C₁-C₅ alkyl,         -   optionally monosubstituted or multi-substituted with —OH,             —SH, —NH₂, —NHC₁ to —NHC₆ alkyl, —N(C₁ to C₆-alkyl)₂, —NO₂,             —CN, —F, —Cl, —Br—, —I, —O—C₁ to —O—C₆ alkyl, —S—C₁ to —S—C₆             alkyl-phenyl, -pyridyl     -   -phenyl,         -   optionally monosubstituted or multi-substituted with —OH,             —SH, —NH₂, —NHC₁ to —NHC₃ alkyl, —N(C₁ to C₃-alkyl)₂, —NO₂,             —CN, —COOH, —COOC₁ to —COOC₃ alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br—, —O—C₁ to             —O—C₃ alkyl, —S—C₁ to —S—C₃ alkyl     -   -pyridyl,         -   optionally monosubstituted or multi-substituted with —NO₂,             —CN, —COOH, —COOC₁ to —COOC₃ alkyl, —Cl, —Br—, —O—C₁ to             —O—C₃ alkyl, —S—C₁ to —S—C₃ alkyl, as well as

Together, the —NR²R³ group can represent

in which R⁴ represents

-   -   —H, —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NHC₁ to —NHC₆ alkyl, —N(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)₂,         NHC₆ to NHC₁₄ aryl, N(C₆ to C₁₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)(C₆ to         C₁₄ aryl), —NHCOC₁ to —NHCOC₆ alkyl, —NO₂, —CN, —COOH, —COOC₁ to         —COOC₆ alkyl, —(CO)C₁ to —(CO)C₆ alkyl, —(CS)C₁ to —(CS)C₆         alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —O—C₁ to —O—C₆ alkyl, —O—C₆ to —O—C₁₄         aryl, —S—C₁ to —S—C₆ alkyl, —S—C₆ to —S—C₁₄ aryl, —SOC₁ to —SOC₆         alkyl, —SO₂C₁ to —SO₂C₆ alkyl.         In the inventive 7-azaindoles of formula 1 residue R¹ preferably         is a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl residue. Such residue can be linear,         branched or cyclic, and preferably is linear. Especially         preferred are alkyl residues having 1 to 6, even more preferred         having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. In a further preferred embodiment R¹         is a C₂ to C₁₀ alkenyl residue, preferably a C₂ to C₆, and most         preferred a C₂ to C₄ alkenyl residue. The alkenyl residue can be         mono- or multi-unsaturated, for example, di-unsaturated or         triply unsaturated. The alkenyl residue can be a linear,         branched or cyclic hydrocarbon residue. Especially preferred are         residues R¹, wherein the alkyl or alkenyl residue is mono- or         multi-substituted, for example, disubstituted, trisubstituted,         tetrasubstituted or pentasubstituted. In an especially preferred         embodiment the residue R¹ is a substituted C₁ alkyl (i.e.         methyl) residue. Among the above-given substituents of the alkyl         or alkenyl group of residue R¹ substituents —OH, —F, —Cl, —Br,         —I, —C₁ to C₄ alkoxy are particularly preferred. Furthermore,         substituents are preferred, wherein an optionally present alkyl         residue has 1 to 4 carbon atoms and an optionally present aryl         residue has 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Among the carbocycles, the         phenyl residue is preferred, especially a substituted phenyl         residue which is preferably substituted with —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,         C₁ to C₆ alkoxy or hydroxy. Among the heterocycles those are         preferred, which have at least one heteroatom selected from N, O         or S. Particularly preferred among the heterocycles is the         pyridyl residue as well as the isoxazole residue, especially the         3,5-dimethyl isooxazole residue. An example of a condensed         carboxylic substituent is the naphthyl residue.

In a particularly preferred embodiment R¹ is a group comprising a cyclic hydrocarbon residue, such as cyclopropyl methyl, a linear hydrocarbon, such as n-hexyl, a linear hydrocarbon substituted with an alkoxy residue, such as 2-methoxyethyl, a branched hydrocarbon residue, such as isobutyl, an unsaturated hydrocarbon residue, such as 2-methylpropene-3-yl or a hydrocarbon residue containing an aromatic group, which residue optionally may be substituted, such as 4-fluorobenzyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, 3-hydroxybenzyl or 4-hydroxybenzyl, a group containing a heteroaromatic hydrocarbon, such as 4-pyridylmethyl or 3,5-dimethylisoxaxole-4-methyl or a group containing a condensed aromatic hydrocarbon, such as 1-naphthylmethyl.

In a preferred embodiment, the substituents on the nitrogen atom, R² and R³ can be an optionally substituted C₁ to C₅ alkyl residue, preferably a C₁ to C₃ and particularly preferred a C₁ (i.e. methyl) alkyl residue.

One of residues R² or/and R³ preferably represents a residue comprising a heteroaromatic hydrocarbon, such as 4-pyridylmethyl, whereby said heteroaromatic hydrocarbon further can be substituted, preferably with a halogen, such as 3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl. In another preferred embodiment R² or/and R³ is the residue morpholino. Further preferred are residues R² and R³ comprising an aromatic hydrocarbon which preferably is substituted, in particular, with halogen or carboxy, such as 2,6-dichlorophenyl, 4-carboxyphenyl, 4-ethoxycarbonyl phenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl. In a further preferred embodiment both R² and R³ are methoxyethyl. In another preferred embodiment R² or R³ represents a residue

or the group —NR²R³ together represents

Furthermore, the invention relates to the physiologically tolerated salts of the compounds of formula 1.

The physiologically tolerated salts are obtained in the usual manner by neutralizing the bases with inorganic or organics acids or by neutralizing the acids with inorganic or organic bases. As inorganic acids, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid or hydrobromic acid, as organic acids, for example, carboxylic, sulfo or sulfonic acid, such as acetic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tannic acid, succinic acid, alginic acid, benzoic acid, 2-phenoxybenzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, citric acid, malic acid, salicylic acid, 3-aminosalicylic acid, ascorbic acid, embonic acid, nicotinic acid, isonicotinic acid, oxalic acid, amino acids, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid or naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, come into consideration. As inorganic bases, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia and, as organic bases, amines, preferably tertiary amines, such as trimethylamine, triethylamine, pyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline, quinoline, isoquinoline, α-picoline, β-picoline, y-picoline, quinaldine or pyrimidine, for example, come into consideration.

Moreover, the physiologically tolerated salts of the compounds of formula 1 can be obtained by converting derivatives, which contain tertiary amino groups, in a known manner with quaternizing agents into the corresponding quaternary ammonium salts. As quaternizing agents, alkyl halides, such as methyl iodide, ethyl bromide and n-propyl chloride, but also aryl alkyl halides such as benzyl chloride or 2-phenylethyl bromide come into consideration, for example.

Furthermore, of the compounds of formula 1, which have an asymmetric carbon atom, the invention relates to the D form, the L form and D,L mixtures and, in the case of several asymmetric carbon atoms, to the diastereoisomeric forms. Those compounds of formula 1, which contain asymmetric carbon atoms and usually are obtained as racemates, can be separated into the optically active isomers in a known manner, for example, with an optically active acid. It is, however, also possible to use an optically active starting substance from the very start, a correspondingly optically active or diastereoisomeric compound then being obtained as end product.

The inventive compounds were found to have pharmacologically important properties, which can be used therapeutically.

The inventive compounds are inhibitors of the release of TNFα.

These compounds therefore can be used to inhibit the release of TNFα.

It is therefore an object of this invention that the compounds of formula 1 and their salts, as well as pharmaceutical preparations, which contain these compounds or their salts, can be used for the treatment of illnesses, for which an inhibition of TNFα is useful.

These illnesses include, for example, inflammation of the joint, including arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as other arthritic illnesses such as rheumatoid spondylitis and osteoarthritis. Further application possibilities are the treatment of patients, who are suffering from osteoporosis, sepsis, septic shock, gram negative sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, respiratory distress syndrome, asthma or other chronic pulmonary diseases, bone resorption diseases or transplant rejection reactions or other autoimmune diseases, such as lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, glomerulonephritis and uveitis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and chronic demyelination.

In addition, the inventive compounds can also be used for the treatment of infections, such as viral infections and parasite infections, for example, for the treatment of malaria, leishmaniasis, infection-induced fever, infection-induced muscle pain, AIDS and cachexia.

The inventive compounds are inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4.

The inventive compounds therefore can be used to inhibit phosphodiesterase 4.

It is therefore an object of this invention that the compounds of formula 1 and their salts, as well as pharmaceutical preparations, which contain these compounds or their salts, can be used for the treatment of diseases, for which an inhibition of the phosphodiesterase 4 is useful.

Accordingly, the inventive compounds can be used as bronchodilators and for asthma prophylaxis. The compounds of formula 1 furthermore are inhibitors of the accumulation of eosinophiles as well as of their activity. Accordingly, the inventive compounds can also be used in the case of diseases, in which eosinophiles play a role. These diseases include, for example, inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract such as bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, eczema, allergic angiitis, inflammations brought about by eosinophiles such as eosinophilio fasciitis, eosinophilic pneumonia and PIE syndrome (pulmonal infiltration with eosinophilia), urticaria, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and proliferative skin diseases such as psoriasis and keratosis.

-   -   Accordingly, the inventive compounds are in particular useful         for the treatment and prophylaxis of skin diseases, for example,         proliferative or inflammatory skin diseases. Proliferative skin         diseases, for example, are psoriasis and keratosis. Inflammatory         skin diseases, for example, are dermatitis, in particular,         atopic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, pyodermatitis, rosacea-like         dermatitis, eczema, fasciitis, e.g. eosinophilic fasciitis,         lupus erythematosus, urticaria or allergic skin diseases, e.g.         allergic rhinitis or allergic conjunctivitis.

It is an object of this invention that the compounds of formula 1 and their salts can inhibit the release of TNFα in vitro as well as the LPS-induced pulmonary neutrophil infiltrations in rats in vivo. The entirety of these pharmacologically important properties found confirms that these compounds of formula 1 and their salts, as well as pharmaceutical preparations, which contain these compounds or their salts, can be used therapeutically for the treatment of chronic obstructive lung diseases.

Furthermore, the inventive compounds have neuroprotective properties and can be used for the treatment of diseases, for which neuroprotection is useful. Such diseases are, for example, senile dementia (Alzheimer's disease), loss of memory, Parkinson's disease, depressions, strokes and intermittent claudication.

Further possible applications of the inventive compounds are for the prophylaxis and treatment of prostate diseases, such as benign prostate hyperplasia, pollakisuria, nocturia as well as the treatment of incontinence, colics initiated by urinary calculus and of male and female sexual dysfunctions.

Finally, the inventive compounds can also be used for the inhibition of the development of a medicinal drug dependence upon repeated use of analgesics, such as machine, as well as for reducing the development of tolerance when these analgesics are used repeatedly.

For the preparation of the medicinal drugs, an effective dose of the inventive compounds or their salts is used in addition to the conventional adjuvants, carriers and additives.

The dosage of active ingredient can vary depending on the way in which it is administered, the age, the weight of the patient, the nature and severity of the diseases to be treated and similar factors.

The daily dose can be administered as a single dose, which is taken once, or divided into two or more doses per day and usually amounts to 0.001 to 100 mg.

Oral, parenteral, intravenous, transdermal, topical, inhalative and intranasal preparations are preferred application forms.

The usual pharmaceutical forms of preparation, such as tablets, coated tablets, capsules, dispersible powders, granulates, aqueous solutions, aqueous or oily suspensions, syrup, liquors or drops may be used.

Solid forms of medicinal drugs may contain inert components and carriers, such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, sodium phosphate, lactose, starch, mannitol, alginates, gelatins, guar gum, magnesium or aluminum stearate, methylcellulose, talcum, highly disperse silica, silicone oil, higher molecular weight fatty acids (such as stearic acid), gelatins, agar agar, vegetable or animal fats and oils and solid high molecular weight polymers (such as polyethylene glycol); preparations, suitable for oral administration, optionally may contain additional flavorings and/or sweeteners.

Liquid forms of medicinal drugs may be sterilized and/or may optionally contain adjuvants such as preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, penetrants, emulsifiers, spreading agents, solubilizers, salts, sugars or sugar alcohols to control the osmotic pressure or for buffering purposes and/or viscosity regulators.

Such additives are, for example, tartrate and citrate buffers, ethanol, complexing agents (such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and its nontoxic salts). For controlling the viscosity, high molecular weight polymers come into consideration, such as liquid polyethylene oxide, microcrystalline celluloses such as carboxymethylcelluloses, polyvinylpyrrolidones, dextrans or gelatins. Solid carrier materials are, for example, starch, lactose, mannitol, methylcellulose, talcum, highly disperse silicas, higher molecular weight fatty acids (such as stearic acid), gelatins, agar agar, calcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, animal and vegetable fats, and solid, high molecular weight polymers, such as polyethylene glycol.

Oily suspensions for parenteral or topical applications may contain vegetable, synthetic or semisynthetic oils, such as liquid fatty esters with in each case 8 to 22 carbon atoms in the fatty acid chains such as palmitic, lauric, tridecyl, margaric, stearic, arachidic, myristic, behenic, pentadecyl, linoleic, elaidic, brasidic, erucic or oleic acid, esterified with monohydric to trihydric alcohols with 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol or their isomers, glycol or glycerol. Such fatty esters are, for example, conventional commercial miglyols, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl stearate, PEG 6-capric acid, caprylic/capric esters of saturated fatty alcohols, polyoxyethylene glycerol trioleate, ethyl oleate, waxy fatty esters such as synthetic duck rump gland fat, isopropyl esters of coconut oil fatty acids, oleyl oleate, decyl oleate, ethyl lactate, dibutyl phthalate, diisopropyl adipate, fatty acid esters of polyols, etc. Equally suitable are silicone oils of different viscosities or fatty alcohols such as isotridecyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, cetyl stearyl alcohol or oleyl alcohol, fatty acids such as oleic acid. Furthermore, vegetable oils such as castor oral, almond oil, olive oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil or soybean oil can be used.

As solvent, gel-forming agents and solubilizers, water or solvents miscible with water come into consideration. For example, alcohols, such as ethanol or isopropanol, benzyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, polyethylene glycols, phthalates, adipates, propylene glycol, glycerin, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, waxes, methyl cellosolve, cellosolve, esters, morpholines, dioxan, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexanone, etc. come into consideration

As film-forming agents, cellulose ethers can be used, which can dissolve or swell in water as well as in organic solvents, such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose or soluble starches.

Mixed forms between gel-forming and film-forming agents are also possible. Above all, ionic macromolecules are used here, such as sodium carboxy-methylcellulose, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid and their salts, sodium amylopectin semiglycolate, alginic acid or propylene glycol alginate as the sodium salt, gum arabic, xanthan gum, guar gum or carrageen gum can be used.

As further formulation aids, the following can be used: glycerin, paraffin of different viscosities, triethanolamine, collagen, allantoin, novantisol acid. The use of surfactants, emulsifiers or wetting agents, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, disodium N-lauryl-β-imino dipropionate, polyethoxylated castor oil or sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbates (such as Tween), cetyl alcohol, lecithin, glycerin monostearate, polyoxyethylene stearate, alkylphenol polyglycol ether, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride or monoalkyl or dialkyl polyglycol ether orthophosphoric monoethanolamine salts. Stabilizers such as montmorillonite or colloidal silica for stabilizing emulsions or for preventing the decomposition of the active substances, such as antioxidants, for example, tocopherols or butylhydroxyanisole, or preservatives such as p-hydroxybenzoate esters, may also be required for preparing the desired formulations.

Preparations for parenteral administration may also exist in separate dosage unit forms, such as ampules or vials. Preferably, solutions of the active ingredient are used, especially aqueous solutions and, above all; isotonic solutions; however, suspensions are also used. These injection forms may be made available as finished preparations or prepared directly before use by mixing the active compound, such as the lyophilisate, optionally with other solid carrier substances, with the desired solvent or suspending agent.

Intranasal preparations may exist as aqueous or oily solutions or as aqueous or oily suspensions. They may also exist as lyophilisates, which are prepared with suitable solvents or suspending agents before use.

The production, filling into containers and sealing of the preparations takes place under the usual antimicrobial and aseptic conditions.

The invention furthermore relates to a method for the preparation of the inventive compounds.

Pursuant to the invention, the compounds of the general formula 1, in which R¹, R², R³ have the meanings given above and n=1

are synthesized in that 7-azaindole-3-carboxylic acids of formula 2, in which R¹ has the identical meaning

are converted in a known manner with acid chlorides, preferably with thionyl chloride or oxalyl chloride, initially into the analogous 7-azaindole-3-carboxylic acid chlorides of formula 3

Subsequently, the isolated 7-azaindole-3-carboxylic acid chlorides of formula 3 are converted by a reaction with a primary or secondary amine into the inventive compounds of the general formula 1, in which R¹, R², R³ have the meanings given above and n=1. The reaction proceeds advantageously in the presence of an auxiliary base. As auxiliary bases, an excess of the amine, used as reactant, a tertiary amine, preferably pyridine or triethylamine, as well as inorganic bases, preferably alkali hydroxides or alkali hydrides, can be used.

Pursuant to the invention, the compounds of the general formula 1, in which R¹, R², R³ have the meanings given above and n=2

are synthesized in that 7-azaindoles of formula 4, in which R¹ has the identical meaning

are converted in a known manner by acylating with oxalyl chloride initially into the analogous 7-azaindole-3-yl-glyoxylic acid chlorides of formula 5.

Subsequently, from the 7-azaindole-3-yl-glyoxylic acid chlorides of formula 5, the inventive compounds of the general formula 1, in which R¹, R², R³ have the meanings given above and n=2, are formed by reaction with a primary or secondary amine. The reaction proceeds advantageously in the presence of an auxiliary base. As auxiliary bases, an excess of the amine, used as reactant, a tertiary amine, preferably pyridine or triethylamine, as well as inorganic bases, preferably alkali hydroxides or alkali hydrides, can be used.

EXAMPLES Examples of Methods for Synthesizing Inventive Compounds of Formula 1 with n=1 Example 1 N-(4-Pyridylmethyl)-1-Cyclopropylmethyl-7-Azaindole-3-Carboxylic Acid Amide

1-Cyclopropylmethyl-7-azaindole-3-carboxylic acid (1.87 g, 8.6 mmoles) is suspended in 15 mL of dichloromethane. While cooling with water, 1.8 mL of oxalyl chloride (17.4 mmoles) are added. The reaction mixture is stirred for 8 hours during which the 1-cyclopropylmethyl-7-azaindole-3-carboxylic acid chloride crystallizes out. It is isolated and dissolved in 18 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF).

Sodium hydride (60%, 1.14 g) is suspended in 21 mL of THF. While stirring at about 10° C., a solution of 0.93 g of 4-aminomethylpyridine (8.6 mmoles) in 21 mL of THF is added dropwise. After about 15 minutes, the previously prepared solution of 1-cyclopropylmethyl-7-azaindole-3-carboxylic acid chloride is added dropwise to the reaction mixture. Subsequently, the whole is refluxed for 3 hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture is mixed with 36 mL of ethyl acetate and 36 mL of water. The phases are separated and the organic phase is washed with water. The solvent is distilled off and the residue recrystallized from ethanol.

Yield: 1.3 g (50% of the theoretical)

Melting point: 187°-189° C.

Using the synthesis method given, numerous other compounds of formula 1 with n=1 can be synthesized, of which the following are listed by way of example:

1

Melting Point Example R¹ —NR²R³ n [° C.] 1 cyclopropylmethyl- 4-pyridylmethylamino- 1 187-189 ethanol 2 isobutyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 1 168-170 pyridylamino- ethanol 3 n-hexyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 1 136-137 pyridylamino- meth- anol 4 cyclopropylmethyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 1 186-187 pyridylamino- ethanol 5 4-fluorobenzyl 4-pyridylmethylamino- 1 189-191 ethanol 6 4-fluorobenzyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 1 232-233 pyridylamino- ethanol 7 4-methoxy-benzyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 1 193-195 pyridylamino- ethanol 8 4-chlorobenzyl- 4-pyridylamino- 1 192-194 meth- anol 9 4-fluorobenzyl- morpholino- 1 182-184 ethanol 10 2-methylpropene-3-yl- 2,6-dichlorophenyl- 1 171-174 amino- ethanol 11 4-pyridylmethyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 1 190-192 pyridylamino- meth- anol

Examples of Methods for Synthesizing Inventive Compounds of Formula 1 with n=2 Example 12 N-(3,5-Dichloropyridine-4-yl)-[1-(3-methoxybenzyl)-7-azaindole-3-yl]-glyoxylic acid amide

1-(3-Methoxybenzyl)-7-azaindole (3.57 g, 15 mmoles) is dissolved in 50 mL of t-butyl methyl ether. A solution of 1.54 mL of oxalyl chloride (18 mmoles) in 10 mL of t-butyl methyl ether is added dropwise at 0° C. with stirring. Subsequently, the mixture is refluxed for 2 hours, after which the solvent is distilled off under vacuum. The resulting 1-(3-methoxybenzyl)-7-azaindole-3-yl-glyoxylic acid chloride is obtained as a solid residue, which is suspended in 50 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF).

To a suspension of 2 g of sodium hydride in 20 mL of THF, 2.4 g of 4-amino-3,5-dichloropyridine (15 mmoles) in 30 mL of THF are added dropwise at −5° C. The mixture is then kept for one hour at 20° C. with stirring. Subsequently, the previously prepared suspension of 1-(3-methoxybenzyl)-7-azaindole-3-yl-glyoxylic acid chloride is added dropwise at about 0° C. Finally, the reaction mixture is refluxed for 4 hours, after which the solvent is removed under vacuum. The residue is stirred with 50 mL of ethyl acetate and 50 mL of water. The phases are separated and the organic phase is washed with water. The solvent is distilled off under vacuum and the residue recrystallized from isopropanol.

Yield: 3.5 g (51.5% of the theoretical)

Melting point: 165°-167° C.

Using the synthesis method given, numerous other compounds of formula 1 with n=2 can be synthesized, of which the following are listed by way of example:

1

Melting Point Example R¹ —NR²R³ n [° C.] 12 3-methoxybenzyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 2 165-167 pyridylamino- isopropanol 13 4-fluorobenzyl- 4-pyridylamino- 2 275-278 dec. x HCl DMF 14 4-fluorobenzyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 2 201-202 pyridylamino- ethanol 15 4-chlorobenzyl- 4-pyridylamino- 2 280-283 dec. x HCl DMF 16 4-chlorobenzyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 2 205-207 pyridylamino- ethanol 17 4-methoxybenzyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 2 165-167 pyridylamino- ethanol 18 4-chlorobenzyl- 2,6-dichlorophenyl- 2 166-168 amino- ethanol 19 4-fluorobenzyl- 4-carboxy- 2 279-282 phenylamino- isopropanol 20 4-fluorobenzyl- 4-ethoxycarbonyl- 2 209-211 phenylamino- ethanol 21 4-fluorobenzyl- 3,4-dimethoxy- 2 173-176 phenylamino- ethanol 22 4-methylbenzyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 2 176-178 pyridylamino- ethanol 23 4-hydroxybenzyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 2 140-142 pyridylamino- ethanol 24 3-hydroxybenzyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 2 241-244 pyridylamino ethanol 25 cyclopropylmethyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 2 215-218 pyridylamino ethanol 26 n-hexyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 2 165-167 pyridylamino ethanol 27 isobutyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 2 152-154 pyridylamino methanol 28 2-methyl-propene-3-yl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 2 114-116 pyridylamino methanol 29 2-methoxyethyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 2 166-168 pyridylamino methanol 30 1-naphthylmethyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 2 181-183 pyridylamino ethanol 31 4-pyridylmethyl- 3,5-dichloro-4- 2 199-201 pyridylamino- ethanol 32

3,5-dichloro-4- pyridylamino- 2 196-198 ethanol 33 4-fluorobenzyl- —N(C₂H₄—OCH₃)₂ 2 63-66 methanol 34 4-fluorobenzyl-

2 184-185 ethanol 35 4-fluorobenzyl-

2 188-191 Ethanol 36 4-fluorobenzyl-

2 179-181 Methanol 37 4-fluorobenzyl-

2 297-300 dec. DMF 38 4-fluorobenzyl-

2 310-313 DMF 39 4-fluorobenzyl-

2 160-162 acetone 40 4-fluorobenzyl-

2 312-315 dec. DMF

The inventive compounds are strong inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4 and of the release of TNFα. The therapeutic potential is confirmed in vivo, for example, by the inhibition of the asthmatic late phase reaction (eosinophilia) as well as by the effect on the allergen-induced vascular permeability of actively sensitized Brown Norway Rats.

Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase

The PDE 4 activity is determined in enzyme preparations from human polymorphonuclear lymphocytes (PMNL) and the PDE 2, 3 and 5 activity is determined with PDE from human thrombocytes. Human blood was anti-coagulated with citrate. By centrifuging at 700×g for 20 minutes at room temperature, the thrombocyte-rich plasma in the supernatant is separated from the erythrocytes and leukocytes. The thrombocytes are lysed by ultrasound and used in the PDE 3 and PDE 5 assays. For the determination of the PDE 2 activity, the cytosolic thrombocyte fraction is purified on an anionic exchange column by means of NaCl gradients and the PDE 2 peak is obtained for the assay. The PMNLs for the PDE 4 determination are isolated by a subsequent dextran sedimentation, followed by a gradient centrifugation with Ficoll-Paque. After the cells have been washed twice, the erythrocytes, still contained, are lysed within 6 minutes at 4° C. by the addition of 10 mL of hypotonic buffer (155 mM of NH₄Cl, 10 mM of NaHCO₃, 0.1 mM of EDTA, pH=7.4). The PMNLs, which are still intact, are washed twice with PBS and lysed with ultrasound. The supernatant of a one-hour centrifugation at 4° C. at 48,000×g contains the cytosolic fraction of the PDE 4 and is used for the PDE 4 measurements.

The phosphodiesterase activity is determined using the method described by Thompson et al. with some modifications (Thompson, W. J. and M. M. Appleman, Assay of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and resolution of multiple molecular forms of the enzyme, Adv. Cycl. Nucl. Res. 1979, 10, 69-92).

The reaction mixtures contain 50 mM of tris hydrochloride (pH 7.4), 5 mM of magnesium chloride, the inhibitors in various concentrations, the corresponding enzyme preparation as well as the further components necessary for determining the individual isoenzymes (see below). The reaction is started by the addition of the substrate, 0.5 μM of [³H]-cAMP or [³H]-cGMP (approximately 6000 CPM per test). The final volume is 100 ml. Test substances are mixed as stock solutions in DMSO. The DMSO concentration in the reaction mixture is 1% v/v. The PDE activity is not affected by this concentration of DMSO. After the reaction is started by the addition of substrate, samples are incubated for 30 minutes at 37° C. The reaction is stopped by heating the test tubes for 2 minutes at 110° C. The samples remain for a further 10 minutes in ice. The addition of 30 μL of 5′-nucleotidase (1 mg/mL, from a poisonous snake suspension from Crotalus adamanteus) is followed by a 10-minutes incubation at 37° C. The samples are stopped on ice, in each case 400 μL of a mixture of Dowex, water and ethanol (1+1+1) is added, mixed well and incubated once again for 15 minutes on ice. The reaction vessels are centrifuged for 20 minutes at 3000×g. Aliquots of the supernatant (200 μL) are transferred directly to scintillation vessels. After the addition of 3 mL of scintillator, the samples are measured in the beta counter.

[³H]-cAMP is used as substrate for the determination of the PDE 4, 3 and 2 activity and [³H]-cGMP is used as substrate for the determination of the PDE 5 activity. The enzyme activities, which are nonspecific in each case, are determined in the presence of 100 μM of Rolipram for the determination of PDE 4 and in the presence of 100 μM of IBMX for the determination of the PDE 3 and 5 and subtracted from the test values. The incubation formulations of the PDE 3 assays contained 10 μM of Rolipram, in order to inhibit possible contaminations by PDE 4. The PDE 2 is tested with an SPA assay of the Amersham Company. The assay is carried out in the presence of the activator of the PDE 2 (5 μM of cGMP).

For the inventive compounds, IC₅₀ values ranging from 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻⁵ M were determined for the inhibition of the phosphodiesterase 4. The selectivity towards the PDE types 2, 3 and 5 amounts to a factor of 100 to 10,000.

By way of example, the results of the inhibition of the PDE 4 are summarized in the following Table for selected examples:

Inhibition of PDE 4 Example IC₅₀ [μmole/L] 1 0.710 2 1.400 12 0.005 13 0.058 14 0.004 15 0.031 16 0.002 17 0.008 18 0.031 22 0.002 23 0.001 24 0.003 25 0.004 26 0.021 27 0.002 28 0.003 32 0.113 37 0.987 Inhibition of the Release of TNFα from Cells of Nasal Polyps

The experimental arrangement corresponds essentially to the method described by Campbell, A. M. and J. Bousquet (Anti-allergic activity of H₁-blockers, Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 1993, 101, 308-310). Nasal polyps form the starting material (material from patients, who had been subjected to a surgical treatment).

The tissue is washed with RPMI 1640 and subsequently digested with protease (2.0 mg/mL), collagenase (1.5 mg/mL), hyaluronidase (0.75 mg/mL), and DNAse (0.05 mg/mL) for two hours at 37° C. (1 g of tissue and 4 mL of RPMI 1640 with enzymes). The cells obtained, a mixture of epithelial cells, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and granulocytes, are filtered and washed by being centrifuged repeatedly in culture solution and sensitized passively by the addition of human IgE and the cell suspension is brought to a concentration of 2 million cells/mL in RPMI 1640 (supplemented by antibiotics, 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mM of glutamine and 25 mM of Hepes). This suspension is distributed on six-well cell culture plates (1 ml/well). The cells are pre-incubated for 30 minutes with the test substances in different final concentrations and subsequently stimulated to release TNFα by the addition of anti-IgE (7.2 μg/mL). The maximum release into the culture medium takes place after about 18 hours. During this period, the cells are incubated at 37° C. and 5% carbon dioxide. The culture medium (supernatant) is recovered by centrifuging (five minutes at 4000 rpm) and kept at −70° C. until the cytokin is determined. The TNFα in the supernatant is determined with so-called sandwich ELISAs (basic material Pharmingen), with which cytokin concentrations ranging from 30 to 1000 pg/mL can be determined.

Cells, not stimulated with anti IgE, hardly produce any TNFα; on the other hand, stimulated cells secrete large amounts of TNFα, which can be reduced, for example, by PDE 4 inhibitors as a function of the dose. From the percentage inhibition (TNFα release by the cells, stimulated with anti IgE=100%) of the substances tested at different concentrations, the IC₅₀ (concentration at 50% inhibition) is calculated.

For the inventive compounds, IC₅₀ values ranging from 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻⁵ M are determined.

By way of example, the results of the inhibition of the release of TNFα is summarized for selected examples in the following Table:

Inhibition of TNFα Release Example Concentration Inhibition [%] 14 0.3 μmole/L 92 16 1.0 μmole/L 90 17 1.0 μmole/L 91 27 1.0 μmole/L 91 Inhibition of the Late Phase Eosinophilia 48 Hours after Inhalative Ovalbumin Challenge Using Actively Sensitized Brown Norway Rats

The inhibition of pulmonary eosinophilia infiltration by the inventive substances is tested on male Brown Norway Rats (200-250 g), which had been actively sensitized against ovalbumin (OVA). The rats were sensitized by subcutaneous injections of a suspension of 10 μg OVA together with 20 mg of aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant in 0.5 mL of physiological salt solution per animal on days 1, 14 and 21. In addition, the animals at the same time received Bordetella pertussis vaccine dilution injected 0.25 mL i.p. per animal. On the 28th day of the experiment, the animals are placed individually in open 1 L Plexiglas boxes, which are connected to a head-nose exposure device. The animals are exposed to an aerosol of 1.0% ovalbumin suspension (allergen challenge). The ovalbumin aerosol is produced by a nebulizer (Bird Micronebulizer, Palm Springs Calif., USA), which is operated with compressed air (0.2 MPa). The exposure time is one hour, normal controls being nebulized also for one hour with an aerosol of 0.9% salt solution.

Forty-eight hours after the allergen challenge, there is a massive migration of eosinophilic granulocytes into the lungs of the animals. At this time, the animals are anesthetized with an excess of ethyl urethane (1.5 g/kg of body weight i.p.) and a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with 3×4 mL of Hank's balance solution is carried out. The total cell count and the number of eosinophilic granulocytes of the pooled BAL liquid are subsequently determined with an automatic cell differentiation instrument (Bayer Diagnostics Technicon H1E). For each animal, the eosinophiles (EOS) in the BAL are calculated in millions/animal: EOS/μl×BAL recovery (mL)=EOS/animal.

For each test, 2 control groups were run (nebulization with physiological salt solution and nebulization with OVA solution).

The percentage inhibition of the eosinophilia of the experimental group, treated with substance, was calculated according to the following formula: {((OVAC−SC)−(OVAD−SC))/(OVAC−SC)}×100%=% inhibition (SC=vehicle-treated control group challenged with 0.9% salt solution; OVAC=vehicle-treated control group challenged with 1% ovalbumin suspension; OVAD=substance-treated experimental group challenged with 1% ovalbumin suspension)

The test substances are applied i.p. or orally as a suspension in 10% polyethylene glycol 300 and 0.5% 5-hydroxyethylcellulose for two hours before the allergen challenge. The control groups are treated with the vehicle in accordance with the application form of the test substance.

The inventive compounds inhibit the late phase eosinophilia after i.p. application of 10 mg/kg by 30% to 100% and, after oral application of 30 mg/kg, by 30% to 75%.

The inventive compounds accordingly are particularly suitable for producing drugs for the treatment of diseases, which are associated with the action of eosinophiles.

By way of example, the results of the inhibition of the eosinophilia for selected examples are summarized in the following Table:

Inhibition of Eosinophilia Example Dose/Application Inhibition [%] 14 10 mg/kg i.p. 62 10 mg/kg p.o. 59 16 10 mg/kg i.p. 100 10 mg/kg p.o. 70 17 10 mg/kg i.p. 75 10 mg/kg p.o. 32 27 10 mg/kg i.p. 50 10 mg/kg p.o. 70 Inhibition of the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Lung Neutrophilia in Lewis Rats

The inhibition of pulmonary neutrophil infiltration by the inventive substances is tested on male Lewis Rats (250-350 g). On the day of the experiments, the animals are placed individually in open 1 L Plexiglas boxes, which are connected to a head-nose exposure device. The animals are exposed to an aerosol of a lipopolysaccharide suspension (100 μg LPS/mL of 0.1% hydroxylamine solution) in PBS (LPS provocation). The LPS/hydroxylamine aerosol is nebulized by a nebulizer (Bird Micronebulizer, Palm Springs Calif., USA), which is operated with compressed air (0.2 MPa). The exposure time is 40 minutes, normal controls being nebulized also for 40 minutes with an aerosol of 0.1% hydroxylamine solution in PBS.

Six hours after the LPS provocation, there is a maximum, massive migration of neutrophil granulocytes into the lungs of the animals. At this time, the animals are anesthetized with an excess of ethyl urethane (1.5 g/kg of body weight i.p.) and a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with 3×4 mL of Hank's balance solution is carried out. The total cell count and the number of neutrophil granulocytes of the pooled BAL liquid are subsequently determined with an automatic cell differentiation instrument (Bayer Diagnostics Technicon H1E). For each animal, the neutrophiles (NEUTRO) in the BAL are calculated in millions/animal: NEUTRO/μl×BAL recovery (mL)=NEUTRO/animal.

For each test, 2 control groups were also run (nebulization with 0.1% hydroxylamine solution in PBS and nebulization with 100 μg LPS/mL of 0.1% hydroxylamine solution in PBS).

The percentage inhibition of the neutrophilia of the experimental group, treated with substance, was calculated according to the following formula: {((LPSC−SC)−(LPSD−SC))/(LPSC−SC)}×100%=% inhibition SC=vehicle-treated control group challenged with 0.1% hydroxylamine solution; LPSC=vehicle-treated control group challenged with LPS (100 μg/mL 0.1% hydroxylamine solution); LPSD=substance-treated experimental group challenged with LPS (100 μg/mL 0.1% hydroxylamine solution)

The test substances are applied orally as a suspension in 10% polyethylene glycol 300 and 0.5% 5-hydroxyethylcellulose for two hours before the LPS provocation. The control groups are treated with the vehicle in accordance with the application form of the test substance.

The inventive compounds inhibit the neutrophilia after oral application of 1 mg/kg by 40% to 90% and accordingly are particularly suitable for producing drugs for the treatment of diseases, which are associated with the action of neutrophiles.

By way of example, the results of the inhibition of the neutrophilia for selected examples are summarized in the following Table:

Inhibition of Eosinophilia Example Dose/Application Inhibition [%] 14 1 mg/kg p.o. 80 22 1 mg/kg p.o. 64 27 1 mg/kg p.o. 52 Arachidonic Acid induced Mouse Ear Oedema Model

Female NMRI mice were obtained from Charles River (Sulzfeld, Germany) at the age of 8 to 10 weeks (20 to 30 g body weight). All animals were healthy and were housed in groups of six mice per cage at 20 to 24° C. with a 12-h light/dark-cycle. Water and a standard diet (ssniff M/R 15, Soest, Germany) were available ad libitum.

After settling in for one week right and left ears of mice were treated with test substances. Before induction of inflammation was performed thickness of mouse ears was measured with a cutimeter (model 7309, Mitutoyo, Neuss, Germany). The cutaneous inflammatory response was induced by administration of 20 μl arachidonic acid (5% in acetone) on left ears. Right ears were treated with 20 μl acetone instead of arachidonic acid to determine the individual deviation in ear thickness. The increase in ear thickness was calculated by the difference between ear thickness before and 60 minutes after application of arachidonic acid. To account for individual variability the difference between right ear thickness before and 60 minutes after administration of acetone was subtracted from arachidonic acid induced increase in left ear thickness.

Studying Effects of Compound 14;

Vehicle being used for administration of compound 14 was polyethylene glycol 300 and 0.5% aqueous 5-hydroxyethylcellulose (10/90, v/v). For studying the dose response relationship compound 14 was administered in following concentrations: 0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg. 48 h, 24 h and 5 h prior to induction of cutaneous inflammation mice were treated with compound 14 or with the vehicle.

The anti-inflammatory effect of compound 14 was compared to the effects of its vehicle. The arachidonic acid induced increase in ear thickness was calculated for each mouse as the difference between the left ear thickness before and 60 minutes after administration of arachidonic acid.

In vehicle treated mice an increase in ear thickness of 0.15±0.01 mm was measurable 60 minutes after administration of arachidonic acid. A single administration of at least 0.3 mg/kg compound 14 reduced the ear swelling significantly by 31%. The inhibition of ear swelling was dose dependent. Using a dose of 3 mg/kg compound 14 reduced the increase in ear thickness by 43%.

Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Induced Mouse Ear Swelling Test (TDI-MEST)

Atopic dermatitis consists of two different types of inflammation, an acute Th2 cell mediated inflammation and a Th1 cell mediated chronic inflammation. The toluene-2,4-diisocyanate-induced mouse ear swelling test represents the onset of atopic dermatitis, as this is a Th2 cell mediated immunologic response. Balb/c-mice are sensitised with the antigen toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) by topical application on abdominal skin. Topical administration of TDI on ears of sensitised mice leads to an increase in ear thickness as a result of plasma leakage, vasodilation and infiltration of inflammatory cells.

Sensitisation and Challenge of BALB/C Mice:

The abdominal skin of BALB/C mice was shaved and depilated (Veet®, Reckitt & Colman, Hamburg, Germany). 50 μl complete Freund's adjuvant (F-5881, Sigma-Aldrich Chemie, Deisenhofen, Germany) were injected intracutaneously to enhance the immunological reaction on the first day of sensitisation. Prior to antigen challenge horny layer of the abdominal skin was stripped off with adhesive tape (Tesafilm®, Beiersdorf, Hamburg, Germany).

For active sensitisation, 100 μl 5% TDI (in acetone) were administered an the local epidermis for 4 consecutive days. The allergic reaction was challenged by administration of 10 μl 0.5% TDI (in acetone) each onto the inner and outer surface of the left ears to examine the sensitisation status. The right ears were used as individual controls (administration of 2×10 μl vehicle). Before and 24 hours after challenge, the ear thickness was measured with a cutimeter (model 7309). The percent swelling was calculated by comparison of the values before challenge with the values 24 hours after challenge. To account for allergen-independent changes in ear thickness the individual swelling of right ears was subtracted from the antigen-induced swelling of left ears. Animals with a mean swelling difference of less than 20% 24 and 48 hours after challenge were excluded from the following studies. All other sensitised mice were equally distributed to the treatment groups in the order of their swelling intensity.

Treatment with Compound 14 and Rechallenge with TDI:

Sensitised mice were treated orally with 10 mg/kg of the test compound 24 hours and 2 hours prior to second TDI-challenge. The substance was administered as a suspension in polyethylene glycol 300 and 0.5% aqueous 5-hydroxyethylcellulose (10/90, v/v). The rechallenge was performed analogue to the first challenge.

In the vehicle group ear thickness was increased by 249±73 μm 24 hours after the rechallenge. A diminished ear swelling was observed in mice being orally treated with 10 mg/kg of compound 14. In this group the ear thickness was increase to 165±45 μm.

Treatment of Arthritis

Collagen induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1 mice is a widely accepted model for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is induced by subcutaneous immunization with bovine type II collagen emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). This immunization induces both collagen specific T-cells secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines and pathogenic anti-collagen antibodies that results in joint inflammation. Because PDE4 inhibitors such as Example 14 have been shown to inhibit cytokines critical to the pathogenesis of RA, the ability of this PDE4 inhibitor to suppress CIA was tested.

CIA was induced by subcutaneous injection of 100 ml of bovine collagen type II/CFA emulsion into the base of the tail of male DBA/1 mice. The same injection was repeated 21 days later. Daily oral treatment with either example 14 (5 mg/kg) or vehicle (10% PEG 300, 90% hydroxyethylcellulose (0.5% w/v) began on the day of the second injection (day 21) and continued for the rest of the experiment. Assessments of arthritis scores were performed three (3) times per week starting also on the day of the second injection (day 21). Animals were assessed for redness and swelling of the joints and a cumulative arthritic score was given to each mouse by a blinded investigator.

The first clinical signs of joint inflammation became apparent in the vehicle treated control group 4 days after the second collagen injection (day 25) and progressed to a maximum clinical score of 6.3 on day 42 (See FIG. 1). Thereafter, the disease stabilized and remained relatively unchanged for the remainder of the study. the onset of clinical disease for the mice treated with example 14 was slightly delayed (day 28) and reached a peak that was significantly lower than that observed for the vehicle treated group (4.6, p=0.01). Following the peak, there was significant improvement in the clinical course of the example 14 treated mice that was not observed in the vehicle treated mice. By the end of the study, the differences in clinical scores between the Example 14 treated and vehicle treated mice were profound and highly significant (53% reduction in disease score, p=0.006). This is strong evidence that the compound of Example 14 reduces that severity of RA.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 shows the mean clinical arthritis score following immunization with bovine collagen type II in DBA/1 mice. Results are calculated from the mean of 5-8 individual mice per group. *p≦0.01. 

1. A method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a 7-azaindole of the formula 1

or a physiologically tolerated salt thereof wherein n is 2; R¹ is a —C₁ to —C₁₀ linear or branched alkyl; which may be unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NHC₁ to —NHC₆ alkyl, —N(C₁ to C₆-alkyl)₂, —NHC₆ to —NHC₁₄ aryl, —N(C₆ to C₁₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)(C₆ to C₁₄ aryl), —NO₂, —CN, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —O—C₁ to —O—C₆ alkyl, —O—C₆ to —O—C₁₄ aryl, —S—C₁ to —S—C₆ alkyl, —S—C₆ to —S—C₁₄ aryl, —SO₃H, —SO₂C₁ to —SO₂C₆ alkyl, —SO₂C₆ to —SO₂C₁₄ aryl, —OSO₂C₁ to —OSO₂C₆ alkyl, —OSO₂C₆ to —OSO₂C₁₄ aryl —COOH, —(CO)C₁ to —(CO)C₅ alkyl, with mono-, bi- or tri-cyclic, saturated or monounsaturated or multi-unsaturated carbocyclic compounds with 3 to 14 ring elements, with mono-, bi- or tricyclic saturated or monounsaturated or multi-unsaturated heterocyclic groups with 5 to 15 ring elements and 1 to 6 hetero atoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, or a —C₂ to —C₁₀ alkenyl, monounsaturated, multiunsaturated, linear, branched, unsubstituted, monosubstituted or multi-substituted with at least one of —OH, —SH, —NH₂, to —NHC₁ to —NHC₆alkyl, —N(C₁ to C₆-alkyl)₂, —NHC₆ to —NHC₁₄aryl, —N(C₆ to C₁₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)(C₆ to C₁₄ aryl), —NO₂, —CN, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —O—C₁ to —O—C₆alkyl, —O—C₆ to —O—C₁₄ aryl, —S—C₁ to —S—C₆ alkyl, —S—C₆ to —S—C₁₄ aryl, —SO₃H, —SO₂C₁ to —SO₂C₆ alkyl, —SO₂C₆ to —SO₂C₁₄ aryl, —OSO₂C₁ to —OSO₂C₆ alkyl, —OSO₂C₆ to —OSO₂C₁₄ aryl, —COOH, —(CO)C₁ to —(CO)C₅ alkyl, with mono-, bi- or tri-cyclic, saturated or monounsaturated or multi-unsaturated carbocyclic compounds with 3 to 14 ring elements, with mono-, bi- or tri-cyclic saturated or monounsaturated or multi-unsaturated heterocyclic groups with 5 to 15 ring elements and 1 to 6 hetero atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein said C₆ to C₁₄ aryl groups and the carbocyclic and heterocyclic substituents may optionally be substituted at least once with R⁴; R² and R³ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, —C₁-C₅ alkyl, unsubstituted or monosubstituted or multi-substituted with —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NHC₁ to —NHC₆ alkyl, —N(C₁ to C₃-alkyl)₂, —NO₂, —CN, —F, —Cl, —Br—, —I, —O—C₁ to —O—C₆ alkyl, —S—C₁ to —S—C₆ alkyl, -phenyl, -pyridyl, or -phenyl, unsubstituted or monosubstituted or multi-substituted with —OH, —SH, NH₂, —NHC₁, to —NHC₃ alkyl, —N(C₁ to C₃-alkyl)₂, —NO₂, —CN, —COOH, to —COOC₁— alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br—, —O—C₁ to —O—C₃ alkyl, —S—C₁ to —S—C₃ alkyl, or pyridyl, unsubstituted or monosubstituted or multisubstituted with NO2, —CN₁—COOH₁—COOC₁ to —COOC₃ alkyl, —C₁, —Br, —O—C₁ to —OC₃ alkyl, —S—C₁ to S—C₃ alkyl, or

wherein —NR²R³ can be

R⁴ is —H, —OH, —NH₂, —NHC₁ to —NHC₆ alkyl, —N(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)₂, —NHC₆ to —NHC₁₄ aryl, —N(C₆ to C₁₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)(C₆ to C₁₄ aryl), —NHCOC₁ to —NHCOC₆ alkyl, —NO₂, —CN, —COOH, —COOC₁ to —COOC₆ alkyl, —(CO)C₁ to —(CO)C₆ alkyl, —(CS)C₁ to —(CS)C₆ alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —O—C₁ to —O—C₆ alkyl, —O—C₆ to —O—C₁₄ aryl, —S—C₁ to —S— C₆ alkyl, —S—C₆ to —S—C₁₄ aryl, —SOC₁ to SOC₆ alkyl, —SO₂C₁ to —SO₂C₆ alkyl to a subject afflicted with at least one condition selected from the group of inflammation of the joints, arthritis, arthritic diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis, and osteoarthritis to treat the condition.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the 7-azaindole is N-(3,5-dichloropyridine-4-yl)-[(1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-7-azaindole-3-yl]glyoxylic acid amide.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the condition is inflammation of the joints.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the condition is arthritis.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the condition is arthritic diseases.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the condition is rheumatoid arthritis.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the condition is rheumatoid spondylitis.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the condition is osteoarthritis.
 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the condition is inflammation of the joints.
 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the condition is arthritis.
 11. The method of claim 2, wherein the condition is arthritic diseases.
 12. The method of claim 2, wherein the condition is rheumatoid arthritis.
 13. The method of claim 2, wherein the condition is rheumatoid spondylitis.
 14. The method of claim 2, wherein the condition is osteoarthritis. 